6 very basic questions about Japanese
 

What's the difference between ano, kono, sono and are, kore, sore?

EDIT:
Somebody else has answered the other questions so I've deleted them.

ano,are=there
sono,sore=that
kono,kore=this

are, sore, kore do not call the object by name
ano, sono, kono are followed by the object's name
so...

kore wa ikura desu ka - how much is this?
or
kono tokei wa ikura desu ka - how much is this watch?

Kono = this

Sono = That

Ano = That (farther away)

Kore = This (one)

Sore = That (one)

Are = That (one) far away

Ex: Kono rokugatsu ni Nihon ni ikimasu = This June I'm going to Japan.

Ex2: Kore wa Sparta desu! This is Sparta!

kore, sore, are are nouns. kono, sono, and ano are adjectives.

Incidentally, you're missing "dore" (which one) and "dono" (which).

These are known as kosoado words. Kosoado Words, Question Words, Things and Places

kore= this- speaking of something in your bubble (close to you)
sore= that- apeaking of something in the listeners bubble
are= that over there- speaking of something out of both your bubbles
That is just the way I was taught to remember the difference. Hope that helps!

kono/kore-this
sono/sore-that
ano/are-that over (there)

kono is usually followed by a noun

kono inu wa ureshii desu (this dog is happy)

or kore wa ureshii inu desu (this is a happy dog)

There's also a second important distinction between ano and kono when talking about things like memories and events.

Suppose you are talking about a vacation you went on. If the addressee went with you, you would say "ano tabi," but if the person didn't go with you, you would say "sono tabi."

Basically, the default is "sono," but if the addressee and you share a "bond" over the memory, use "ano" instead. The rule applies for sore/are as well.

Please chime in if I got so/a switched here, but as I've been doing it this way for half a decade now, I'm fairly sure I'm correct.